![]() A 19-day RA exposure induced potent HPA axis activation and typical depression-like behavior. RA was applied to rats chronically through intracerebroventricular injection. Here we show that all- trans retinoic acid (RA)-induced HPA activation involves impairments in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) negative feedback. Although we had shown that recruitment of the nuclear receptor retinoic acid receptor-α (RAR-α) to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) promoter is implicated in activation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, further insight into how retinoids modulate HPA axis activity is lacking. Clinical reports have highlighted a role for retinoids in the etiology of mood disorders.
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